References


Musculoskeletal

Mechanical
  • Fritz, JM, Cleland, JA, Childs, JD. Subgrouping Patients With Low Back Pain: Evolution of a Classification Approach to Physical Therapy.  Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy.  June 2007; 37:6.

Neuromuscular
  • Aylott C, Grevitt M, Hegarthy J,Mccarthy M. Cauda Equina Syndrome: factors affecting long term functional and sphincteric control. Spine. 2007;32: 207-216.
  • Djurasovic, M., Glassman, S.D., Carreon, L.Y. & Dimar, J.R. (2010, April). Contemporary Management of Symptomatic Lumbar Spinal Stenosis [Electronic Version]. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 41(2).
  • Hahne, A.J., Ford, J.J. & McMeeken, J.M. (2010). Conservative Management of Lumbar Disc Herniation with Associated Radiculopathy [Electronic Version]. The Spine Journal, 35(11), E488-E504.
  • Humphreys, C.S. & Eck, J.C. (1999, February). Clinical Evaluation and Treatment Options for Herniated Lumbar Disc [Electronic Version]. American Family Physician, 59(3).
  • Katz, J.N. & Harris, M.B. (2008, February). Lumbar Spinal Stenosis [Electronic Version]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 35(8), 818-825.
  • Strayer, A. (2005, October). Lumbar Spine: common pathology and interventions [Electronic Verizon]. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 37(4), 181-193.

Pregnancy
  • Coldron Y, Stokes MJ, Newham, DJ, Cook, K. Postpartum Characteristics of Rectus Abdominis on Ultrasound Imaging. Man Ther. 2008;13:112-121.
  • Hyatt G, Cram, C. (1992) Prenatal & Postpartum Exercise Design. Tucson, AZ: DSW Fitness.
  • Kisner C, Colby, L. (2002) Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
  • Liaw LJ, Hsu MJ, Liao CF, Liu MF, & Hsu  AT. The Relationship Between Inter-recti Distance Measured by Ultrasound Imaging and Abdominal Muscle Function in Postpartum Women: A 6-month Follow-up Study. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2011;41(6):435-443.
  • Paul  JA, van Dijk F, Frings-Dresen M.  Work Load and Musculoskeletal Complaints During Pregnancy.  Scand J Work Environ Health. 1994;20:153-159.


Systemic

Vascular

  • Cates JR. Abdominal aortic aneurysms: clinical diagnosis and management. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Oct 1997;20(8):557-561.
  • Crawford CM, Hurtgen-Grace K, Talarico E, Marley J. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: an illustrated narrative review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Mar-Apr 2003;26(3):184-195.
  • Fleming C. Screening and management of abdominal aortic aneurysm: the best evidence. Am Fam Physician. Apr 1 2006;73(7):1157-1158.
  • Hocaoglu S, Kaptanoglu E. Low-back pain in geriatric patients: remember abdominal aortic aneurysm! J Clin Rheumatol. Jun 2007;13(3):171-172.
  • Mechelli F, Preboski Z, Boissonnault WG. Differential diagnosis of a patient referred to physical therapy with low back pain: abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Sep 2008;38(9):551-557.
  • Patel SN, Kettner NW. Abdominal aortic aneurysm presenting as back pain to a chiropractic clinic: a case report. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Jun 2006;29(5):409 e401-407.
  • Porter RW. Spinal stenosis and neurogenic claudication. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Sep 1 1996;21(17):2046-2052.
  • Stowell T, Cioffredi W, Greiner A, Cleland J. Abdominal differential diagnosis in a patient referred to a physical therapy clinic for low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Nov 2005;35(11):755-764
  • Upchurch GR, Jr., Schaub TA. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am Fam Physician. Apr 1 2006;73(7):1198-1204.

Oncologic

  • Hayes K, Huckstadt A, Daggett D. Acute low back pain in the emergency department. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. July 2006;28(3):234-247.
  • Henschke N, Maher C, McAuley J, et al. Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis & Rheumatism. October 2009;60(10):3072-3080.
  • Henschke N, Maher C, Refshauge K. Screening for malignancy in low back pain patients: a systematic review. Eur Spine Journal. June 2007;16:1673-1679.
  • Jarvik J, Deyo R. Academia and clinic. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Annals of Internal Medicine. October 2002;137(7):586-597.
  • Kinkade S. Evaluation and treatment of acute low back pain. American Family Physician. April 15, 2007;75(8):1181.
  • Lishchyna N, Henderson S. Acute onset-low back pain and hip pain secondary to metastatic prostate cancer: a case report. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. March 2004;48(1):5-12.
  • Ross M, Bayer E. Cancer as a cause of low back pain in a patient seen in a direct access physical therapy setting. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. October 2005;35(10):651-658.
  • Siemionow K, Steinmetz M, Bell G, et al. Identifying Serious Causes of Back Pain: Cancer, Infection, Fracture.  Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. August 2008; 75(8): 557-566.
  • Wilk V. Acute low back pain: assessment and management. Australian Family Physician. June 2004;33(6):403-407.

Infectious


Vertebral Osteomyelitis
  • Carek PJ, Dickerson LM, Sack JL. Diagnosis and management of osteomyelitis. Am Fam Physician. Jun 15 2001;63(12):2413-2420.
  • McHenry MC, Easley KA, Locker GA. Vertebral osteomyelitis: long-term outcome for 253 patients from 7 Cleveland-area hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. May 15 2002;34(10):1342-1350.
  • Mechelli F, Preboski Z, Boissonnault WG. Differential diagnosis of a patient referred to physical therapy with low back pain: abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Sep 2008;38(9):551-557.
  • Strausbaugh LJ. Vertebral osteomyelitis. How to differentiate it from other causes of back and neck pain. Postgrad Med. Jun 1995;97(6):147-148, 151-144.
  • Zimmerli W. Vertebral Osteomyelitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362(11):1022-1029.
Disc Space Infection
  • Bezer M, Erol B, Kocaoglu B, Aydin N, Guven O. [Low back pain among children and adolescents]. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2004;38(2):136-144.
  • Couto M, Ambrosio C, Velez J, Salvador MJ, Malcata A. [Low back pain with 'red flags': a case of spondylodiscitis]. Acta Reumatol Port. Jan-Mar 2007;32(1):67-72.
  • Goel V, Young JB, Patterson CJ. Infective discitis as an uncommon but important cause of back pain in older people. Age Ageing. Sep 2000;29(5):454-456.
  • Patel P, Olive KE, Krishnan K. Septic discitis: an important cause of back pain. South Med J. Jul 2003;96(7):692-695.
  • Tai HC, Chen WL, Huang CC, Chen JH, Wu YL. Spontaneous septic diskitis: a common complaint with a serious pathologic cause that should not been overlooked. Am J Emerg Med. May 2008;26(4):514 e515-516.
  • Tapia Moreno R, Espinosa Fernandez MG, Martinez Leon MI, Gonzalez Gomez JM, Moreno Pascual P. [Spondylodiscitis: Diagnosis and medium-long term follow up of 18 cases]. An Pediatr (Barc). Nov 2009;71(5):391-399.
Bacterial Endocarditis
  • Bayer AS, Bolger AF, Taubert KA, et al. Diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis and its complications. Circulation. Dec 22-29 1998;98(25):2936-2948.
  • Buchman AL. Streptococcus viridans osteomyelitis with endocarditis presenting as acute onset lower back pain. J Emerg Med. May-Jun 1990;8(3):291-294.
  • Heffner JE. Extracardiac manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. West J Med. Aug 1979;131(2):85-91.
  • Murtagh B, Frazier OH, Letsou GV. Diagnosis and management of bacterial endocarditis in 2003. Curr Opin Cardiol. Mar 2003;18(2):106-110.
  • Rangel EB, Atallah AN. Musculoskeletal manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. Sao Paulo Med J. Sep 7 2000;118(5):158-160.
  • Snelson C, Cline BA, Luby C. Infective endocarditis: a challenging diagnosis. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. Jan-Feb 1993;12(1):4-16.

Viscerogenic

GI System

  • Boissonnault WG, Meek PD. Risk factors for anti-inflammatory-drug- or aspirin-induced gastrointestinal complications in individuals receiving outpatient physical therapy services. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Oct 2002;32(10):510-517.
  • Chan FK, Graham DY. Review article: prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastrointestinal complications--review and recommendations based on risk assessment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. May 15 2004;19(10):1051-1061.
  • Coronado RA, Sheets CZ, Cook CE, Boissonnault WG. Spondyloarthritis in a patient with unilateral buttock pain and history of Crohn disease. Phys Ther. May 2010;90(5):784-792.
  • Gotzsche PC. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ. Apr 15 2000;320(7241):1058-1061.
  • Koch M, Dezi A, Tarquini M, Capurso L. Prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury: risk factors for serious complications. Dig Liver Dis. Mar 2000;32(2):138-151.
  • Russell RI. Defining patients at risk of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;31 Suppl 1:S14-18.
  • Salvarani C, Fries W. Clinical features and epidemiology of spondyloarthritides associated with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. May 28 2009;15(20):2449-2455.
  • Steer S, Jones H, Hibbert J, et al. Low back pain, sacroiliitis, and the relationship with HLA-B27 in Crohn's disease. J Rheumatol. Mar 2003;30(3):518-522.
  • Turkcapar N, Toruner M, Soykan I, et al. The prevalence of extraintestinal manifestations and HLA association in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Rheumatol Int. May 2006;26(7):663-668.

Renal System

  • Aldea PA, Meehan JP, Sternbach G. The acute abdomen and Murphy's signs. J Emerg Med. 1986;4(1):57-63.
  • Berger RE. Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women. J Urol. Nov 2005;174(5):1841.
  • Boissonnault WG, Bass C. Pathological origins of trunk and neck pain: part I - pelvic and abdominal visceral disorders. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1990;12(5):1-207.
  • Clayman RV. Urine stone risk factors in nephrolithiasis patients with and without bowel disease. J Urol. Mar 2005;173(3):866.
  • Leliefeld HH. [Physical diagnosis--pain elicited by percussion in the kidney area]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. Aug 25 2001;145(34):1666.
  • Lin HS, Ye JJ, Huang TY, Huang PY, Wu TS, Lee MH. Characteristics and factors influencing treatment outcome of renal and perinephric abscess--a 5-year experience at a tertiary teaching hospital in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. Aug 2008;41(4):342-350.
  • Mazanec DJ. Back pain: medical evaluation and therapy. Cleve Clin J Med. May-Jun 1995;62(3):163-168.
  • Pinson AG, Philbrick JT, Lindbeck GH, Schorling JB. Fever in the clinical diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. Am J Emerg Med. Mar 1997;15(2):148-151.
  • Schissel BL, Johnson BK. Renal stones: evolving epidemiology and management. Pediatr Emerg Care. Jul 2011;27(7):676-681.
  • Thomas JJ, Vrocher D, Khoury CA. Images in emergency medicine. Man with back pain and rash. Perinephric abscess presenting as rash. Ann Emerg Med. Nov 2010;56(5):454, 467.

Urogenital

  • Miranda EP, Almeida DC, Ribeiro GP, Scafuri AG. Acute onset of renal colic from bilateral ureterolithiasis: a case report. Cases J. 2009;2:6354.
  • Murphy DR, Bender MI, Green G. Uterine fibroid mimicking lumbar radiculopathy: a case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Nov 15 2010;35(24):E1435-1437.
  • Swischuk LE. Left back pain and blood in the urine. Pediatr Emerg Care. Apr 2000;16(2):119-120.
  • Troyer MR. Differential diagnosis of endometriosis in a young adult woman with nonspecific low back pain. Phys Ther. Jun 2007;87(6):801-810.

Other

  • Goodman C, Catherine , Synder K, Teresa. Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. 4th ed. St. Louis: Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc., 2007.
  • Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd Edition ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
  • Magee J, David. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company; 1992.